Exploration of One of the Many Health Care Resources

Today†s health care system is in a constant state of fluctuation and commotion. It is sometimes difficult for the health care consumer to identify a valuable resource when they need one. The purpose of this paper is to explore one of the many health care resources that are available in the greater Philadelphia area and then visit this site to learn more about it. Philadelphia, in itself is an outstanding resource to the people of the area. In terms of healthcare resource implications this is true. There are numerous teaching hospitals, museums, clinics, and educational centers in this region. I choose to learn more about Planned Parenthood, a well-known organization in this area as well as nationally. Upon entering the clinic I knew very little about Planned Parenthood. It turned out that what I knew was only a fraction of what Planned Parenthood is really all about. According to the chairperson and president of PP, young people rely on Planned Parenthood to be truthful, confidential and non-judgmental. Women and men are grateful that it is an affordable resource, accessible to all, and respectful of all persons† decisions. Patients fell safe there because they provide safe medical care by trained professionals. Parents can feel a sense of ease because they know that their children are learning correct and valuable information concerning sex. Both donors and investors can feel confident that their gifts are an investment in the health and well being of the men, women, and children in their community. This paper will relay the information received from the site visit to Planned Parenthood in Media, Pennsylvania. It will discuss the mission, services, and financial aspects of Planned Parenthood. Mission Statement. The mission of Planned Parenthood Southeastern Pennsylvania (PPSP) is to protect and enhance reproductive freedom, to increase access to reproductive health care services and information, and to promote sexual health. This mission provides the foundation of PPSP†s services and programs that they offer to the approximately 43,000 men, women, and children of the Delaware Valley. Planned Parenthood was found by a registered nurse named Margaret Sanger in the early 1900†³s. Her belief and reason for founding PP was this, â€Å"†¦ he first right of a child (is) to be wanted, to be desired, to be planned for with an intensity of love†¦ † (Planned Parenthood, 1999). Sanger was tired of watching women young and old die from complications of pregnancies due to lack of education and health care and was tired of seeing unwanted pregnancies carried to term because women did not know their options. Her goal was to both educate and provide for these women the reproductive services that were necessary for what she called reproductive freedom. Benefits of Planned Parenthood Planned Parenthood provides numerous programs and services to the people of Southeastern Pennsylvania. I spoke with a woman named Megan (no last name was provided). She informed me of these services and programs, and helped me to gain a better understanding of what PP really is and does. Health Services. Planned Parenthood provides their services to women as well as men- it is a resource to be utilized by all. It is a common misconception that PP is for women only. They offer reproductive health care for men, women, and teens. They supply every FDA approved method of reversible birth control. These include natural family planning methods, Norplant, Depo-Provera, Birth control Pill, IUD (intrauterine device), condoms, Diaphragm, and cervical caps. Something that they offer is emergency contraception or the â€Å"morning after pill. † It decreases the likelihood of becoming pregnant even after the conception, because it decreases the healthy nature of the uterine wall. It is only effective within seventy-two hours following conception. They also offer walk-in pregnancy testing, options counseling and referrals to abortion clinics and adoption agencies. In the Media office, there are three nurse practitioners on staff who provide complete gynecological examinations including Pap tests. There is a physician who is affiliated with their office; he comes in at least twice a month or upon appointment to review all cases. The NP†s provide breast health checks and teach breast self-examinations. Mid-life services are provided for menopausal women as well hormone replacement therapy. Testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections for men and women and confidential and anonymous HIV/AIDS testing are available as well. Planned Parenthood does perform first trimester abortions. They also offer a number of other health services such as cholesterol and blood pressure screening. Educational services. PPSP offers educational programs to pre-teens, teens, parents, and caregivers on topics of human sexuality, including health care, family planning, relationships, and HIV/Aids. There are teen peer education groups as well as Latino community workshops provided by bilingual/ bicultural educators. PPSP provides a complete resource center (bookstore and library) which provides a collection of literature on reproduction health care, sexuality, etc. Advocacy. PPSP urges political action for families/ planning and other reproductive health issues by participating in Lobby Days in Harrisburg and Washington. They are also involved in letter writing campaigns and news alerts to inform and motivate the public to become more involved in reproductive health care issues. Costs. All of the above listed services are available to all who enter the clinic at a small fee. The exception is made in the case of children who are thirteen to seventeen; their services and birth control pills are offered at no charge. In all other cases the fees for these products and services are quite low; for example, a routine gynecological examination examinations cost about thirty dollars. PP accepts most insurance plans and Medicaid, including Keystone HMO, PA Blue Cross- Blue Shield, and Personal Choice. They accept US Healthcare for surgical procedures only. Funding Revenue. From July 1, 1996 to June 30, 1007, Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania brought in nearly six million dollars ($5,915,000) in revenue. This included nearly $2. 5 million from patient health and surgical services, 1. million from government grants and medical assistance. Funding Expenditures. In this same fiscal year, Planned Parenthood†s total expenses (5,936,000) were in excess of their revenue by twenty-one thousand dollars. They spent about tree million dollars for patient health services and one million on surgical procedures. Over one quarter of a million was spent towards public information and advocacy. And over half a million was spent on education and training. Other funds were spent for special events, fund raising, and administration. At the end of the fiscal report there are ten pages which list the names of those who have made contributions to Planned Parenthood. These donations range from $25,000 or more to $100. PP relies on the contributions of individuals, foundations, and corporations to support their operations and activities in Southeastern PA. All contributions made to PP are tax deductible (Annual Report). I learned a tremendous amount from visiting Planned Parenthood. All of the ideas that I entered the clinic with were quickly proven wrong and limited by the woman that I interviewed. PP is a valuable resource to all women, men, and teens that are interested in maintaining or improving their reproductive health, reproductive education, or their general health. This is a resource that does not receive the publicity or recognition that it deserves. Hopefully the public is aware of what an asset Planned Parenthood is and how much they offer- more than I did before this project. We in Southeastern Pennsylvania are lucky to have PP to turn to for educational and health care needs.

The Australian legal system

The Australian legal system has 2 main sources of law, namely the Parliament-made law and the case law or the common law. The primary source of law in Australia is the Parliament-made laws. As the representatives are elected to the House by the people, statutes and laws can be made keeping in mind the needs of the people. Case laws on the other hand are made by the judges in the courts. Once the court gives its decision, the same would apply for similar circumstances or instances (precedent).The decision would be binding on courts in the future. Another source of law that can be considered in the Australian legal system is the international law that would be applicable in case Australia is a signatory to an international convention, or a bilateral/multilateral agreement (Governments of Australia and South Australia, 2007). Judges are usually, unable to make laws. The law-making capabilities are usually done by the Legislation. The judiciary would be interpreting laws and filling up t he gaps that have been left by the legislation.However, there may be instances in which a strong judiciary can create a new law that may have a strong impact on the society such that it would place the importance of the rule-making authority on the judiciary. Such instances include old, inappropriate and laws that go against human rights. There may be several areas of law such as contract laws, tort laws, negligence, etc, which need to be decided on a case-by-case basis, and develop judicial precedents for future cases. If the statues are so rigid and unclear, then it becomes important for the judge to develop new laws.In some instances common laws may also be difficult to apply. However, there is another school of thought that believes that judge-made laws do not exist, and the statutes would be providing principles upon which case laws which would be developed. Any kind of a judge-made law would be a trespass on the powers of the legislation (Sackeville, 2001). Another reason why judges cannot make laws is that often if a judge creates a law that applies in a particular case, it would apply retrospectively, which destroys the basic purposes of the law.Thirdly, all the Statutes would overrule the case laws. There may be three kinds of relationships between the legislation-made laws and the common law. Firstly, common laws may supplement the legislation-made laws and in this way strengthen the legal process. Secondly, Parliament-made laws may replace a common law. Thirdly, if a particular Parliament-made law is outdated or is threatening the basic human rights, then the Court can decide that the same should be scrapped. Hence, it can be said that judges can state the law within the limits of the legal world.There are two ways in which laws can be interpreted by the advocate or the judge. One way is to determine what the statute might allow. The second way is to determine what the statute would definitely permit (Gleeson, 2001). Often the appellant courts and t he constitutional courts would be creating laws. If any statute would be impeding the Constitution, the same statute can be invalidated. A court may also implement a new rule or principle if it feels that the result of just implementing a law would not have desired results. This could even be in non-constitutional areas (Sackeville, 2001).

British Petroleum and The Delay of Maintenance Case Analysis

British Petroleum, now known as simply BP, is a multinational oil and gas company that is headquartered in London, England. On March 23, 2005, a series of massive explosions devastated one of the largest British Petroleum refineries located in Texas City. The blast rattled windows in downtown Galveston, 20 miles away and was even felt in Houston, 35 miles distant. Reports indicated that 15 people had been killed and well over 150 were injured, many of those seriously burned.A BP spokesperson addressed the media by explaining how the explosion had occurred while an â€Å"isomerization unit of the plant was being brought back on stream to full production after having been shut down for annual inspection and repair† (Hosmer, 49). As the families of those killed in the explosion mourned their losses, BP pledged to a â€Å"long and intensive investigation to determine the cause of the explosion† (Hosmer, 49). These promises were cut short when accounts of prior problems at B P refineries began to present themselves.Reports revealed that a year ago from the day of the most recent explosion, a blast occurred at the same processing unit of the Texas refinery. No deaths or injuries resulted, but a U. S Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) investigation indicated violations of 14 standard operating procedures. Furthermore, merely a week prior to the Texas City explosion, BP was reported to have settled a large lawsuit claiming that their company had failed to; properly maintain huge storage tanks and improperly falsify the maintenance records of those very storage tanks.A far more condemning report in the September of 2005 found hundreds of safety violations related to a venting system at the isomerization unit, seen to not have been working properly. As a result, the OSHA imposed a probationary period, in which, BP had to request permission from the agency to start up old isomerization units, report all accidents and injuries, and hire outsi de professionals to review all refinery safety programs and procedures. BP began accepting wider responsibilities and planned to spend more than $1 billion on improving maintenance procedures.However, the company began to lose its credibility as yet another study revealed that the same isomerization tower that had leaked flammable gases to cause the deadly March 23 explosion, had leaked those same gases not once before, but eight times (Hosmer, 59). Two separate accounts of whistleblowing helped the OSHA conclude that BP’s lack of maintenance and worker training was a result of their continual demands to reduce fixed costs, which of course, the senior officials of BP denied.Stakeholder Analysis In a case that involves such environmental destruction, fines, lawsuits and more importantly, the loss of human life; a wide variety of stakeholders are affected. The first primary social stakeholder is of course the central company to the case itself- British Petroleum, consisting of all its officials and executive members. To commence, since BP is the party being sued for the massive explosion at the Texas City refinery, it has a tremendous amount of stake in the case.BP possesses a high interest in this situation, as it is their reputation and profits that evaporate with all of the proceeding lawsuits and investigations. In the same way, they possess high power because they have the full authority and financing to regularly maintain their production facilities and sufficiently train their staff. Referring to the typology of stakeholder attributes, it is clear that BP has high power, high legitimacy, high urgency and a close proximity in this case.As mentioned earlier, BP attains a great deal of power because their decisions are the root cause of the problem. The fact that BP is the defendant in all its major lawsuits, and has so much at stake gives it high legitimacy. Not only that, but the situation for BP is very urgent as the majority of their facility is d amaged and unable to produce any profits for the company. BP definitely possesses close proximity to the case, with their facility and management all situated at the explosion.All of these characteristics prove BP as a definitive stakeholder that can be harmed through the bad publicity; countless lawsuits, fines and investigations; damage to multi-billion dollar refinery; and loss of profits. The only possible benefit for BP in this pool of harms is that this explosion gives them an opportunity to rebuild the refinery with new, safer technology that abides standard operating procedures. BP claims that the massive explosion is a result of highly complicated chemical processes and even places blame on its employees for â€Å"operational mistakes†.The government agency OSHA thinks otherwise, and imposes their legal right to a probationary period on BP and its operations. BP thinks they are in no wrong, but they are denied the right to appeal for a shorter probationary period as the delay of proper maintenance is confirmed as the cause of the destruction (â€Å"csb. gov†). Moving on, another primary social stakeholder affected by the explosion of the Texas City BP refinery, is the employees and managers of the facility itself. Many employees working in the facility have lost their lives and suffered life-threatening injuries.For this reason, their interest in the situation is very high as their health and well-being is placed in jeopardy. In addition, due to the explosion, these workers are unable to earn wages to support their families. These employees have very limited power because they have no control over the decisions made by BP to properly maintain their facilities. Consequently, the employees and managers of the BP refinery have low power, high legitimacy, high urgency and a very close proximity to the case.To further explain, their measure of low power is the result of their position on the BP ladder. They simply carry out the orders enforce d by BP officials such as cutting â€Å"costs by 25 percent† (Hosmer, 53), without paying much attention to the consequences. They also possess high legitimacy with their life and loss of employment at stake. Their urgency is high as they are unable to earn wages and must resort to external sources of income to provide for their loved ones. Also, those injured in the incident must seek medical attention very urgently.Lastly, the employees clearly have close proximity as they work and reside in the vicinity of the facility that has been damaged with the blast. This combination of attributes deems the managers and employees a dependent stakeholder, which is reliant on the BP officials to carry out their will. These members of the case have virtually no benefit from the explosion. Due to the dangerous working conditions and BP’s high expenditures on the explosion, they are harmed with a possible risk of injury or death and potential job loss.Prior to the accident, these s takeholders were denied the legal right to an adequate training regime, which may have been a factor in the blast as stated in an interim report issued by BP (Hosmer, 50). The workers of BP were also denied their legal right to a union, further addressing their lack of power and independency in the case. Finally, a third stakeholder affected by the massive blast of the BP refinery is the U. S Government, but more specifically, the federal agency OSHA (Occupation Safety and Health Administration).Unlike the others, this secondary social stakeholder has a public or special interest stake in the case that is more indirect. The OSHA has a tremendous amount of power and interest given that it is in their authority to ensure BP’s business practices align with the standard operating procedures and provide safe work environments for the citizens of their nation. This secondary stakeholder can also be classified as a definitive stakeholder due to its high power, high legitimacy, high urgency and close proximity to the case.To elaborate, the OSHA has issued lawsuits, fines, investigations and even a probationary period on the practices of BP and will continue to do so until the proper production requirements are met, giving them tremendous power. They possess high legitimacy and high urgency as it is in their right to prevent any future incidents that could lead to the loss of human life and mass environmental damage, in the shortest possible time period. Clearly the U. S government, with all its branched locations, has close proximity to the accident and all key stakeholders involved in the case. Though the OSHA may benefit from showing positive involvement (i.e. investigation reports, fines etc. ) in the eyes of the public, the incident may actually decrease other countries’ investing interests. As touched upon earlier, the government has exercised their legal right to issue fines, suspensions and in-depth investigations. Through this extensive process a nd help from the media, the OSHA has been able to bring the amoral actions of the BP Company to the public’s eye, concluding that; regular maintenance of the production facility would have been enough to prevent the immense explosion. Define the Complete Moral Problem State the moral problem in a â€Å"complete† question form.Is it ethically permissible for the BP Company to ignore and delay the maintenance requirements of their Texas City refinery given that: 1) the massive explosion caused 15 deaths and over 150 life-threatening injuries; 2) the employees, managers, local communities and environment are placed in a volatile situation; 3) it is one of the largest refineries located in the United States; 4) BP settled a large lawsuit claiming that it had (1) failed to properly maintain huge storage tanks and (2) improperly falsify the maintenance records for those storage tanks† a week prior to the explosion (Hosmer, 50); 5) the same isomerization tower that leak ed the flammable gases to cause the March 23 explosion, had leaked those same gases eight times before; 6) a blast had occurred at the same gas processing unit of Texas City refinery a year prior to the March 23 explosion; 7) they were charged millions of dollars by the OSHA after finding hundreds of alleged safety violations in their facility; 8) they falsely pledged to a â€Å"long and intensive investigation to determine the cause of the explosion† (Hosmer, 49); 9) they were trying to cut costs by 25 percent after realizing an after-tax profit of $15. 7 billion? Characterize the Moral Problem Why is this a moral problem? According to Hosmer, a moral problem is a situation â€Å"in which the firm’s financial performance and social performance are in conflict† (Hosmer, 55). To further elaborate, a moral problem can present itself when a company disregards the needs and rights of its stakeholders in the pursuit of profit and financial reward. These are the situa tions when some individuals or groups to whom the organization has some form of obligation, such as employees and customers, are going to be harmed while others will be benefitted.In considering the issue involving the explosion of the Texas City refinery, it is clear to see that BP disregards the rights of its employees, managers and local communities by continually operating â€Å"rusty, unsafe and unmaintained systems† (Wolf), in order to cut costs and reap a greater financial reward. We can clearly see the direct relationship between the parties that have been harmed and denied their rights, as compared to those that are benefitted and profit from this decision, ultimately creating a conflict between financial and social performance. Thus, this issue is a moral issue. Define the kind of moral issue involved in the problem. To specify, the kind of moral issue present in the case is both a violation of justice and rights.In terms of justice, the OSHA, a branch of the U. S g overnment confirms that BP is in violation of fourteen standard operating procedures and hundreds of other safety violations. Moreover, a week prior to the explosion, BP settled a large California lawsuit as it claimed that it had failed to properly maintain storage tanks and improperly falsified the maintenance record for those storage tanks. With their decision to ignore maintenance, BP is breaking the federal law in order to increase profit and others are being harmed for it. Two cases of whistleblowing revealed that BP managers were ordered by senior officials to â€Å"cut costs by 25 percent† (Hosmer, 53).This is simply unfair for parties with close proximity to the case, such as the refinery staff, as they are unable to maintain a facility, which they know for certain, is dangerous â€Å"with its interrelated valves, controls, tanks, flares and alarms- found to not have been working properly† (Hosmer, 50). In terms of it being a rights issue, BP has violated seve ral positive legal rights and laws. For example, BP initially places blame of the Texas City explosion on its workers for â€Å"operational and supervisory mistakes† (Hosmer, 50). By making this claim, BP is violating the positive legal right to adequate employee training. Furthermore, these very individuals working inside the BP refinery are denied the positive legal right to a safe working environment. The massive blast is, as determined a result of BP’s ignorance of necessary repairs.Thus, BP is responsible for violating their employees’ positive legal right to work and provide for their families as well. Therefore, rights and justice are presented in this case. Due to the rights violated and lack of justice, this is definitely a moral problem. Determine the Economic Outcomes The concept of Pareto Optimality is key for determining the economic outcomes. Pareto Optimality refers â€Å"to a condition in which the scare resources of society are being used so ef ficiently by the producing firms, and the goods and services are being distributed so effectively by the competitive markets, that it would be impossible to make any single person better off without harming some other person† (Hosmer, 27).In order to achieve Pareto Optimality; all markets must be competitive; all customers and suppliers must be informed; and all costs must be included. In the case of BP’s Texas City refinery, the condition that states all internal and external costs must be included is violated. BP fails to recognize the costs necessary to maintain their facility, which results in the massive March 23 explosion. For example, when it was discovered that the same isomerization tower that leaked the flammable gases to cause the March 23 explosion, had leaked those same gases eight times before, all costs to repair the facility were ignored and operations were continued as normal.In addition, BP fails to include; the costs associated with the loss of employ ee wages caused by the destruction of the refinery; and the costs of tarnishing the health reputation of local communities. While BP does recognize the costs to mitigate their environmental impact and compensate for all victims, such expenditures only represent a small fraction of the total social and environmental damage caused by their operations. Also, all customers and suppliers are not informed of BP’s practices, thus, they are in violation of another Pareto Optimality condition. Hosmer explains that all parties â€Å"must be knowledgeable about the features of the products and standards of the company† (Hosmer, 8).BP does not disclose all information regarding their products and standards, in fact, generates corrupt documents in the process. This was evident when BP attempted to conceal a large California lawsuit, in which â€Å"they pleaded guilty to not properly maintaining, and falsifying the maintenance reports of huge storage tanks† (â€Å"dol. gov. com†). Without all necessary information, parties cannot make rational choices and express true preferences. In this situation, we cannot take the action that will generate the greatest profit for the company because this will definitely not generate the greatest benefit for society since all costs are not included and all information is not available.This moral problem cannot be solved economically or by applying Pareto Optimality because human-well being is still being jeopardized for a marginal profit to BP, even when an after-tax profit of $15. 7 billion is realized. Consider the Legal Requirements The law in a democratic society is the minimum collective standard that we hold people accountable to. In this case, the laws that must be obeyed by BP and its operations are the United States government regulations imposed on petroleum industries. In the time leading up to and following the devastative explosion, BP has failed to comply with a significant number of legal requir ements. In 2004, BP was cited for 14 alleged violations of standard operating procedures at their Texas City refinery.In September 2005, seven months after the explosion central to this case, the OSHA found hundreds of safety violations that it called â€Å"egregious and willful† (Hosmer, 50). Not only was BP in violation of their legal operational rights, they also denied their staff the legal right to a safe work environment. However, since the outbreak of BP’s actions, the U. S government has been active in ensuring that all legal requirements are met. Following the September 2005 report, the OSHA levied a record size fine of $21. 4 million on BP. Also imposed, was a three-year probationary period in which BP â€Å"had to request permission from the agency before starting up old refinery units and report all accidents and injuries, regardless of cause, to the agency on a regular basis† (Hosmer, 51).Now, although the OSHA was able to bring some positive change , there are still problems with the law relevant to the case. Initially, the aforementioned government agency lacked adequate information to impose the necessary regulations upon BP that would force them to maintain their facilities properly. Due to the fact that BP was falsifying their maintenance reports and managing to stay clear of the media, it was not until a series of in-depth investigations after the Texas City incident that the OSHA was able to reveal the company’s maintenance fraud. The legal information observed in this case tends to lag behind the necessary regulations and moral standards of society, proving that the law is flawed by lengthy delays.Due to the missing adequate information and lengthy delays, simply obeying the law will not solve the moral problem. The government takes action after investigating the cause, which is not up to par with society’s needs especially when human well being is being jeopardized. Even with federal regulations in place, in 2006, BP caused â€Å"the largest oil spill on the North Slope of Alaska† because their major pipeline â€Å"was found to have been poorly maintained, to be badly rusted, and to require total replacement† (Hosmer, 52). BP is operating against the law, even though they possess adequate information on their social and environmental consequences. The government regulations such as the $21.4 million fine as observed in the case, are â€Å"much more a minor matter for BP, [who] had reported an after-tax profit of $15. 7 billion† (Hosmer, 50). Thus, the law cannot be used to solve this moral problem as BP is both lawful and immoral. Evaluate the Ethical Duties In order to propose a solution to a moral dilemma as such, it is crucial to analyze the ethical duties of BP and the various ethical theories that apply. First, the principle of Personal Virtues comes in to play. It implies that one should â€Å"never take any decision or action that is not open, honest and truthful, and one that you would feel proud to see widely reported† (Hosmer, 99). It is clear that BP’s actions have directly violated this principle.Their decision to knowingly delay the maintenance of their problematic facility without informing many key stakeholders is definitely not open. BP also settled a lawsuit in which they â€Å"falsified the maintenance records for storage tanks† (Hosmer, 50), which is neither honest nor truthful. The key stakeholders in the case, such as the management of the refinery have not been open, honest and truthful, thus, cannot be proud of their decisions. This is seen in a two cases of whistleblowing where a manager of the Texas City refinery â€Å"claimed that he had been ordered to cut costs by 25 percent in early 2005† and another BP executive â€Å"had been directed to keep his maintenance expenditures low† (Hosmer, 53).Since both of these members of the BP Company were â€Å"laid off† following the press release, it is clear that BP did not want the leaked information widely reported. Therefore, BP violates the principle of Personal Virtues. Moving on, the theory of Utilitarian Benefits is one that takes an instrumental approach, assigning costs and benefits to an outcome. It states that one should â€Å"never take any decision or action that does not generate greater benefits than harms for the society of which you are a part† (Hosmer, 99). Based on the classical version of theory, from which, actions are judged solely in terms of their consequences, BP is in serious violation. Their decision to ignore maintenance requirements and operate under dangerouscircumstances leads to a massive blast that has virtually no benefits for the society, other than the fact that BP is provided with an opportunity to rebuild a safer, more secure facility. This benefit is very minute so we can assign it a 4 out of 10. Diametrically, the aforementioned decision creates numerous harms to society such as; 15 deaths and over 170 injuries; major environmental damage; loss of jobs and much more. Being of such importance, it is only fitting that we assign these outcomes with higher values such as 10,8 and 7 out of 10, respectively. Adding up the scores for the benefits and harms, we clearly see that the harms outweigh the benefits, thus, there is overwhelming evidence to infer the Utilitarian Benefits principle is violated.Furthermore, the principle of Universal Duties implies that you should â€Å"never take any decision or action that you would not be wiling to see others, faced with the same or a closely similar situation, be free and even encourage to take† (Hosmer, 99). In the case of BP, their actions directly defy the categorical imperative of the Universalizability Principle, which implies that you should act only according to the maxim you are willing to universalize. If BP universalized their behaviour of ignoring maintenance requirements in oil refiner ies or their disregard to employee safety and well-being, several catastrophic industrial incidents could occur causing deaths, injuries, environmental damage and an overall decrease in the quality of life.In fact, universalizing this behaviour would be self-defeating as the lack of clean water and resources would hinder the growth of petroleum industries. Looking at the Respect version of the categorical imperative, it is clear that BP is once again in violation. The principle explains how one should use humans â€Å"always as an end and never as a means only† (Hosmer, 96). The BP Company uses their employees as merely a means to an end by ordering them to carry out duties within the refinery. Given the numerous risks present in the workplace, the workers are treated as objects with very little care and value, useful only in achieving the company’s aim. BP does not abide with the both aspects of the categorical imperative; therefore, it violates the Universal Duties p rinciple.Another ethical duty worth evaluation is the principle of Distributive Justice. This theory mentions that moral standards are based on the primacy of a single value, justice, and that â€Å"everyone should act to ensure a more equitable distribution of benefits and burdens†, because this promotes individual self respect, essential for cooperation (Hosmer, 100). This theory, unlike the others, is hypothetical and teleological. If we were to conduct a thought experiment, whereby we imagine ourselves in the original position behind the veil of ignorance, it is clear that BP’s actions violate the Difference principle. Behind the veil of ignorance, we are unaware of our socioeconomic status.However, we are in the original position, which means we are interested in ourselves and those that who we care about to succeed; thus, we would want benefits and burdens to be distributed equitably, as we do not know which party we belong to. The least advantaged members of the society include the workers of the BP refinery since they earn low labour wages, taking orders from BP managers and senior officials. With BP’s decision to ignore the gas leaks, rusty pipelines and delay future maintenance of their refinery, high proximity employees are placed in a very volatile situation. They can very possibly encounter life-threatening injuries or death.BP’s actions fail to benefit the least advantaged members of society, which is unfair. Consequently, BP is not acting in their right moral duty. Moreover, the decision to delay maintenance destroys the BP refinery and does not provide the workers with increased employment (or any employment for that matter). Due to the facts outlined, the social and economic inequalities created through BP’s amoral actions are not justified. By means of a though experiment, it is evident that an equitable distribution of benefits and burdens is one that benefits the least advantaged members of society. The fi nal ethical duty is Contributive Liberty or Libertarianism.In the same way, it explains that moral standards are based on the primacy of a single value, which is liberty, and that â€Å"everyone should act to ensure greater freedom of choice† as this promotes market exchange, essential for social productivity (Hosmer, 100). Applying this theory, it becomes clear that BP’s actions are in violation with this principle. A few stakeholders, such as employees have their negative rights violated with the explosion, as they are unable to work and earn wages in a dangerous facility lacking maintenance repairs. More importantly, they are not ensured greater freedom of choice because even though they can see the flaws located in the refinery, they must proceed with the instructions from management. In the same way, the management is also denied a freedom to maintain the facility as they are ordered to â€Å"cut costs by 25 percent† or otherwise, risk losing their position s.By suppressing the freedom of these two stakeholders, BP is liable for the massive blast which shuts down the supply of BP petroleum and gas products; ultimately, obstructing efficient market exchange and violating the principle of Contributive Liberty. Propose and Defend a Solution After determining the economic outcomes, considering the legal requirements and evaluating the ethical duties, it is appropriate to make my recommendation. My proposed solution to BP’s moral problem is to make its most disadvantaged stakeholders better off and implement an ‘Employee Workplace Evaluation Program’ as a part of BP’s regular operations. It is important to note that this case has already been â€Å"solved† legally through BP being sued, fined and placed on a probationary period, however, it does not help the moral situation as the law cannot solve anything morally.BP is already mitigating its environmental impact through financial compensation, but my solut ion involves them to start by personally apologizing to each and every family they have harmed through the explosion of the refinery. Next, BP needs to work with local communities to provide long-term health care, food and other services to those families that have either lost or suffered an injury to an earning loved one. In my opinion, this is the least a multi-billion dollar oil corporation can do to begin righting its amoral actions. The second step in my solution entails BP implementing an Employee Workplace Evaluation Program or EWEP, with overview from government authorities (OSHA).This will give the workers inside BP facilities an opportunity to report on various aspects of their job such as; the safety of the equipment; specific work instructions from their boss; any hazardous occurrences (regardless of magnitude); all of which, are relevant to the cause of the March 23 explosion. With the use of an EWEP, all information is openly available, honest and truthful from the emp loyee’s perspective, thus conforming to principle of Personal Virtues. The solution also holds true for Utilitarian Benefits as the benefits of helping families recover from devastation and ensuring the future safety of employees, greatly outweighs the harms. Finally, by providing employees with the freedom of speech, BP will be able to align with the principle of Contributive Liberty and create more secure and productive work environments.

Use the literature to identify the internal and external factors which Essay

Use the literature to identify the internal and external factors which affect the choice of market entry strategy and conduct research on those for your particular case - Essay Example The data used in the identification of the internal and external factors was obtained from a report by the Korean Government and internal analysis by IKEA on its profitability and strengths. This internal-external analysis of factors is provided in full in the appendix section of the paper with close references in the body of the report. The researcher’s indebtedness to foreign literature and ideas is shown in the text (in text citations) and in full in the bibliography section of the study. Direct exporting forms the most basic mode of exporting that IKEA can use in the entry of its products into the Korean market (Doole & Lowe, 2008). Based on the strong financial performance of the company in the previous year, IKEA can successfully enjoy from reduced costs due to economies of scale from concentrated production in the home country by directly exporting its products into the Korean market and subsequently enjoying control of the distribution chains. The company can either use sales representatives or importing distributors in the Korean market. The sales representatives will be comprised of foreign suppliers and manufactures of the IKEA products in the Korean market working for an established commission of sales (Lymbersky, 2008). This will be advantageous to IKEA as the sales representatives will provide support services in the foreign country. Importing distributors can be used by the company to purchase the products directly from IKEA in their own right and resell these products in the Korean market as wholesalers, retailer or a mix of both. These importing distributors are best suited for entry of products that are carried in inventory such as the appliances and furniture products manufactured by IKEA. A franchising agreement is a system in which a semi-independent business owner (franchisee) pays royalties and fees to a parent company (franchiser) in return for the right of identification of the franchisee to the trademark, sale of goods and use

Influencing Buyers Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Influencing Buyers Behavior - Essay Example Just like in many other countries, businesses prefer their adverts run during the prime hours such as before the news, during and after news because it reaches out to a significant percentage of the targeted audience. Experts suggest that is crucial for companies to consider consumer preferences before embarking on the production process (Marr, 2013). This is the reason why Coca-Cola, a leading multinational beverage company, produces beverages targeting consumers in specific parts of the world depending on their preferences. As a matter of fact, many business analysts suggest that accurate identification of the consumer preferences is among the major factors that have given Coca-Cola a competitive edge in the beverage industry. Liu, Denizci Guillet, Xiao and Law (2014), suggest that consumer preferences are influenced by numerous factors numerous factors such as the geographical location, climate, culture and religion. For example, some religion denominations such as the Seventh Day Adventist discourage consumption of beverages that have caffeine such as Coke, one of the leading brands of Coca-Cola (Marr, 2013). Customer preferences based on the geographical location and culture of the people explains why Coke is popular in the USA where most people take caffeine, while Fresca, a caffeine-free soft drink is popular in most of the African and south American countries where a significant percentage of the population avoid caffeine. Jones, R. B., Soler-Lopez, M., Zahra, D., Shankleman, J., & Trenchard-Mabere, E. (2013). Using online adverts to increase the uptake of cervical screening amongst â€Å"real Eastenders†: an opportunistic controlled trial. BMC research notes, 6(1),

Technical Definition and Description Assignment

Technical Definition and Description - Assignment Example â€Å"The suspension system isolates the vehicle from the shocks, bounce and vibrations due to irregularities of road surfaces. The automobile chassis is mounted on the axles through some form of springs. The spring oscillates due to the road shocks. A damper is provided with the spring to restrict the shocks. The damper is also known as shock absorber. The spring and damper collectively called a suspension system. So the suspension system acts as a filter for shocks.† (Suspension System) Very few people realize the importance of shock absorbers, shock absorbers mainly absorb the shocks produced on bumpy roads, suspension is solely responsible for controlling shock absorbers, suspension also controls the steering of a car giving the driver immaculate control. A weak suspension system can easily cause fatal accidents; suspension also controls the control arm which will be demonstrated in the following diagram. (How Car Suspension Works) Suspension system not only controls the s teering but it also controls the brake system, imagine the extent of damage a delayed brake can cause, this can easily be prevented by ensuring that the suspension system is in the best of conditions. There are several suspension kits available in the market but a lot of research is required before buying one. This again goes to show the importance of a suspension system. It is extremely important to regularly maintain a suspension system; a good suspension system makes road bumps and discomfort easier to deal with. A car with a poor suspension system will experience wear and tear much faster than a car with a decent suspension system. Vehicle noise is another factor which troubles several drivers; this again can be prevented by taking care of the suspension system. A car which has a lack of adequate shock absorbers will automatically start making irritating noises, a good suspension system will prevent all these problems from occurring, it will also prevent the unnecessary wear and tear of vehicle tires. To understand how a suspension system works it is extremely important to understand vehicle dynamics, magnitude, direction and vertical acceleration are three very important concepts, we would not require suspension should the roads be absolutely flat but roads these days are anything but flat. A small bump on the road is more than enough to cause fatal accidents; the following diagram will explain how the whole suspension system works. (How Car Suspensions Work) Road isolation allows the driver to driver smoothly even on rough roads, the energy on the roads is absorbed without causing much oscillation, road holding is another very important function, road holding ensures that there is contact of the tires with the road which is very important. The weight of the vehicle is minimized from side to side, so road holding is also very important. Cornering is the next important concept under suspension, it is important to know how a vehicle travels on a curved path , a centrifugal force directly acts upon the center of gravity of a car allowing it to travel on curved paths, the main goal of cornering is to shift the weight of the vehicle so that it can easily move on curved paths, all these important aspects are a part of

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Sustainability - Essay Example In the paper a new design of wheelchair has been proposed to provide solution to the problem. Many handicapped people live alone and it becomes difficult for them to get help for every specific movement at their home. They need a system to help them to reach high things on shelves and they want a system which enables easy movement on stairs. In the paper, a new design of wheelchair has been suggested which will help people moving on wheelchair in the following manner - The paper tries to understand the specification of current model and recommends modifications and changes in suggested model to enhance sustainability to provide improved movement to handicapped in home and outside without taking help of anybody else. The design uses battery operated system for movement and suggests further development of system based on renewable sources of energy such as solar energy. Sustainability or sustainable development is significant as it has integrated human development (Bell & Morse, 2003). The decisive role of companies to get sustainability has been discussed on strategic level (Hart, 1995, 1997; Roome, 1998) and instrumental level (Schaltegger and Burritt, 2000; Bennett and James, 1999). Sustainability requires balanced operational conception, integrated operation conception and integrated strategic conception. In the paper the sustainability of the design of a wheelchair used by handicapped people has been discussed. Some of the key factors contributing to product innovation are industrialization, open market and a need for high quality products from customer. Design parameters in the current system include the wheels, the sensors to initiate movement of wheels based on weight change and the battery operated motor. Attachments for increasing the height of chair - The stair climbing wheelchair should be able to balance on two wheels in order to raise the chair’s height and enable the user to reach things at a height. The new

Media Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media Ethics - Essay Example No one seems to be protected and the number of victims of violence, and in so many cases murder continues every year. This calendar year is no different and so will the forthcoming years unless actions will be done, both locally and on a global level. The following stories are just some of the many that remain prevalent in so many countries. And to think that all are well within barely two months after the ‘ball dropped’ so to speak on the New Year. One cannot help but be appalled and flabbergasted as to the number and parallelism of these stories. Indeed, no good deed remains unpunished. Maybe there is much truth in what Pablo Neruda refers to as, â€Å"the whore freedom, the land with no overcoat† (â€Å"Injustice†). The list begins with Basil Ibrahim Faraj, a cameraman of the Palestinian Media and Communication Company who was killed last January 7, 2009 in Gaza. Faraj and company’s car was not the target but was caught in between the attack. Ando Ratovonirina from Madagascar was working for Radio Tà ©là ©vision Analamanga (RTA), witnesses claim he was shot by presidential guards, nonetheless, while in a demonstration against the administration in Antananarivo covering the story. The Associated Press (AP) reports 167 injured and 25 killed in the incident. Another radio and newspaper reporter, Uma Singh, was attacked by 15 people who stabbed Singh to death last January 11 in Janakpur, Nepal. Local journalists and other groups believe that those with motive for the murder include Maoist workers who she openly condemns for her father and brother’s kidnapping and murder back in 2006. Freelance correspondent and ‘Novaya Gazeta’ contributor Anastasiya Baburova was shot an d killed by someone in a ski mask last January 19. She was with Stanislav Markelov, a human rights lawyer after the latter had just given a press conference. The attacker shot at Markelov execution-style according to reports in the prosecutor-generals office. Apparently,

Elaborate on the five interpersonal bases of power, five ways to Essay

Elaborate on the five interpersonal bases of power, five ways to minimize political activity, and at least five ways to manage organizational politics effectively - Essay Example People have reference power when others respect and like them. It is the perception of individual relationships that she/he has that creates her/his power over others. Expert power is derived from having knowledge or skill in a particular area. Such individuals are highly esteemed by organizations for their problem solving skills. Modes of minimizing political activities in an organization involve: Opening eyes and accepting politics exist within the organization and dealing with them adequately. Challenge political behaviors to maintain performance. Make things visible; transparency within any organization will reduce political activities. Walk the talk; honesty shuns politicking since it encourages transparency. Reduce vulnerabilities to political behaviors within an organization. Managing organizational politics effectively involves creation and implementations of clear policies and procedures, which at the end reduces ambiguity. Transparency; be open and visible with employees in key matters that affect them. Learn the rules of politics and apply them appropriately for success in an organization. Establish positive and credible impression in the eyes of employees and others in the organization to motivate them. Act in ways consistent with verbal communication to employees to portray walk the talk

Community Policing and Anti-terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community Policing and Anti-terrorism - Essay Example The essay will attempt to link some of these agencies with the police department, community policing strategies and antiterrorism efforts. (Abrams, 2003) Community policing attempts to foster partnerships solve problems and transform organizations. One cannot underestimate the potential that community policing represents in terms of preventing crime. This is because community policing embraces all the stakeholders involved in crime prevention and it is also instrumental in dealing with the after effects of crime. Proactive policing is an issue that has gained a lot of acceptance in current policing practice. Research conducted in the late nineties indicated that this practice has increased by a whooping thirty percent. One would assume that such figures ill only increase with the passage of time. However, after a dramatic event such as the September eleventh attacks, it the police department was under pressure to adopt more conventional policing strategies. However, ignoring community policing strategies in terrorism prevention will be the wrong way to go because of the following reasons. First of all, community policing is a proactive strategy. It places more emphasis on prevention rather than response to crimes already committed. Furthermore community policing allows citizens and government agencies to participate in crime prevention by collaborating with the police. ... It usually moves away from a hierarchycal structure because this will slow down decision making problems and it will also reducing accountable. Instead, community policing fosters horizontal integration. Here, members of the organization; even those located in the lowest levels are given the mandate to make their own decisions. Normally, specific officers are given a specific area in their community. Cultural and geographical differences between the officers and the community must not be too intense in order to facilitate cooperation between the two parties. By bringing law enforcement closer to the community, the police department is empowered in the process of crime prevention. There are four main steps involved in problem solving and these are as follows; Scanning Analysis Response Assessment In the scanning phase, police asses what are the likely problems facing the community. Afterwards, there is a need to examine what could be the possible causes of those problems hence the analysis stage. Thereafter, there is a need to come up with solutions to these underlying causes; this constitutes the response phase. Afterwards, police are supposed o examine how effective their strategies were in dealing with the problem. It should be noted that these steps can become a cycle because whenever the last step is completed, there will be a need to make some changes in all the other stages too. It should be noted that community policing is quite advantageous because it takes account of the fact that the police my have some inadequacies when dealing with crime. They may not be fully aware of all the issues affecting a community or they may not have the ability to make use of all the resources necessary in

Piracy Ruining the Music Industry Essay Example for Free

Piracy Ruining the Music Industry Essay For many people, music is a large part of their lives. They listen to it to as often as they can. In their cars, while they work out, study, and many other daily activities. But does anyone think about how important music is to those who work in the music industry? Some people buy CD’s, others may buy digital copies online (often referred to as mp3’s). However, there are others who download free copies of music from file sharing websites, such as FrostWire and Napster. This is a crime, and many people are not aware of it. There needs to more stringent measure to protect the music industry from these acts of piracy and copyright infringements. Piracy has affected the music industry drastically over the years. It would appear all is well for those in the recording industry. However, the music industry is worth more than half of what it was in 1999 and the decline doesnt look as if it will improve. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) reported that in 1999, the revenue for music sales topped $14.6 billion. Over time, total revenue from U.S. music sales and licensing plunged to $6.3 billion in 2009 (Alexandra. â€Å"The History of Recording Industry Sales, 1973-2010†). File sharing is the reason for the decline in album sales over the years. Because it is so easy to get free music, people do not find a need to purchase it. In 1984, the Supreme Court, ruled in the Universal City Studios vs. Sony Corporation case, that home recording of copyrighted materials, would be legal under the fair use provision (Stevens, Law of Cornell.). The decision was made so that it would be legal for home users to make copies of copyrighted material without obtaining any permission of the copyright holder to do so. This ruling covered music, television shows, and movies. Many people argued that they wanted to be able to use the recording devices that they purchased. There needs to be new laws to reflect the change in technology since that time. In 1984 we did not have the different file sharing sites that gave people the opportunity to upload their recordings. Piracy is very popular in many countries. This is because many cultures are interested in the American lifestyle. It is very hard for other cultures to obtain American media, so they rely on file-sharing websites to stay connected. This has affected the American economy drastically. There has been a loss of around 71,060 jobs, a decrease of worker earnings of 2.7 billion dollars and a loss of U.S tax revenue of 422 million dollars. It is estimated that the cost of piracy in the global economy in 2012 was 35.4 billion dollars, and 12.5 billion dollars affecting the music industry individually. (Goldman,† Musics lost decade: Sales cut in half†) The U.S. government has attempted to prevent piracy by bringing lawsuits against companies such as, LimeWire, Mega Upload, and Pirate Bay. Sites such as these may be stopped, but within months another company begins a similar or more-improved service. â€Å"Would you go into a CD store and steal a CD?† questioned an angry Britney Spears in an industry-funded advert. â€Å"It’s the same thing, people going into the computers and loggin’ on and stealing our music.† Piracy is ruining the entertainment industry. The music industry has a diminished profitability, and significant job loss has occurred, and will only get worse, unless there are more stringent measures to regulate the internet and its’ file-sharing sites.

Book Review on Fat Girl Essay Example for Free

Book Review on Fat Girl Essay Book Review Obesity is an upcoming and extremely prevalent phenomenon in America today. Author, Judith Moore of the book â€Å"Fat Girl† discusses some of the issues fat girls face. Her book is less about every stereo-typed fat girl and more about her story individually. Judith Moore chooses to take a different route, instead of complaining continuously about being fat, she explains in depth why she believes she is fat. She is not lazy; she expresses her knowledge of diets and her experiences of strenuous work outs but ends with little to no results. My flesh resists loss. My fat holds on for dear life, holds on under my bratwurst arms and between my clabber thighs. Food is a fuel, but to some food may be a pain reliever. For Judith, she had to face an unhappy family life early on. Judith had always been a fat girl and her father a fat man weighing close to 300 pounds. Her family was secluded and each individual only cared for themselves. Clearly her family was an unhappy one; they used food as source of pleasure and hoped it would cure the pain. At the age of four, Judith’s parents divorced. After the divorce, Judith was shipped back and forth between her mom’s mother’s farm and her mom’s apartment in Brooklyn. These trips back and forth only created more emotional scaring for Judith. Her Grandmother had a strong hatred for her father, and being that Judith was a spitting image of him, she received the backlash. Grandma fed Judiths needs literally and figuratively speaking. Each time she visited her Grandmothers farm she was fed extremely fattening comfort foods, and with that she grew larger. Her Grandmother would make comments over how large she was and how she was growing, breaking her down each time. This led to Judith’s reach for food to fill the hole created by her dysfunctional family. The love of food steamed from her unloving family. Her continuous pattern of eating to fulfill an emotional need led to Judith’s weight gain. Judith proceeds to explain more emotional traumatizing events in her life that are male influenced. She discloses information that a man once told her she was too fat to get in bed with, and her experience of being manipulated into giving oral head to a man who she thought was a kind person, while his friends watched and laughed. Not once throughout her book did Judith play the victim for being fat. Because Judith proceeds to tell the readers events in her life and why they make her who she is today, this book consider would be considered an autobiography. The book gives another perspective on another persons’ life. Judith’s obvious intention for this book was not to complain about being fat, but to state the events of her life that made her who she is. She did not stereo-type every fat girl, she simply told her story and ways other fat girls could relate. This autobiography presents an issue of correlation with our society and obesity. It suggests that obesity can come from emotional pain or distress. I would suggest this book to my friends, it explains that everyone has a story of why they are the way they are.

The Pringles history

The Pringles history Pringles history Pringles were invented and first sold in 1968 in October in USA, but they were not sold across America till mid 1970s. According to the patent, the inventor of Pringles brand potato chips was reputed Alexander Liepa from Montgomery, Ohio. It is produced by the company Procter Gamble. At the beginning the potato chips had the name of Pringles Newfangled Potato Chips, but due to the entering national market it was changed. Now the global brands of Pringles are available in more than 100 different countries all over the world and they come in 45 flavours. Currently the potato chip or crisps snack is produced in North America in Jackson, Tennessee and also in Europe in Mechelen, Belgium. The name of Pringles was chosen from a Cincinnati telephone book. Pringle Avenue in Finneytown was available for trademark, and its pleasant sound appealed to the brand (brand.http://www.uk.pg.com/products/products/pringles.html). Marketing side Pringles is the biggest brand of Proctor Gamble earning over $1bn year in revenues. It is advertised in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and the Republic of Ireland with the slogan Once you pop, you cant stop and elsewhere with the slogan Everything pops with Pringles. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pringles). The potato chips of Pringles are famous of their different and unusual packaging. It is a tubular can with a foil interior, and a resealable plastic lid; it also has a famous logo, a stylized representation of a man with a large moustache and parted bangs. (http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/pringles/). All Pringles potato chips are made in the same size and packed in a can carefully, one on each not to be crushed like the chips in a bags. The way of this packaging was invented by Fredric J. Baur, who at that time worked for the Procter Gamble company in a research, development and quality control department as an organic chemist and food storage technician. Different ways of using Pringles box Because of the cardboard tube packaging, the crisp box can be used like a great Wi-Fi antenna. In some cases it is also used as a storage box for small stuff or even for the clothes. For instance, the comedian Dilbert rolls his cloths in a Pringles box that later he could change at work or in the car. Sport people can find it useful too, because the can is just the size of three tennis balls. Pringles cans are always colorful, interesting and different, so there are quite a lot of people just simply collecting them. Flavours Pringles are also unique of their wide ranger of flavour and according to the countries needs and traditions, different flavours in different countries, limited market areas: United States Original Sour Cream Onion Jalapeà ±o Prints White Cheddar Chili Cheese Pizza-licious Cheezums Ranch Spicy Cajun Fiery Hot Barbecue Salt Vinegar Reduced Fat Original Reduced Fat Sour Cream Onion Fat Free Original Fat Free Sour Cream Onion Current permanent European flavors (from the UK website): Original Paprika Sour Cream Onion Salt Vinegar Cheese Onion Hot Spicy Texas Barbecue Sauce Cheese Tomato Mozzarella Light Original Light Sour Cream Onion Current Japan flavors (from the Japan website): Lightly Salted Flavor Sour Cream Onion French Consommà © (new) Partial list of discontinued limited edition flavors : Cheddar and Sour Cream Chili Cheese Crunchy Dill (2005 flavor) Crushed Pepper Jalapeno Hickory BBQ Salt Pepper Smokey BBQ Southwestern Salsa Thai Sweet Chilli Wisconsin White Cheddar (http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/pringles/) Moreover, there are few other varieties of this product such as Pringles Select, Pringles Light Aromas, Pringles Rice infusions and Fat Free Pringles. There are several sizes of cans of 23g, 50g, 80g, 100g, 145g, 150g, 155g, 160g, 163g, 181g and 230g. Interesting facts Pringles are a marketing case study in packaging innovation. In 1982 in a Pringles commercial appeared one of the famous persons in the world Brad Pitt. Pringles cans inventor Fredric J. Baur was so proud of his creation that he requested his children to buried him in it. Baur passed on March 4, 2008 and his family put some of the ashes in a Pringles can, and the rest in a traditional urn. In the eyes of the High Court in London Pringles snacks were adjudge to be not potato crips. As the consequence the company doesnt need to pay a value-added tax, what influence the price increase too. In 2007 Proctor Gamble start selling Pringles Minis. It was unusual for the Pringles fans, because new chips were packed in a small bag instead of tubular can. The shape of the chips was exactly the same, just smaller in size.

Computers :: essays research papers

COMPUTERS Could one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as: figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life. Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet; they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl; they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years have people noticed that a great deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers allow it’s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go to their online firm to download information on stocks. This way they have the knowledge to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as: Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded th at they feel more comfortable when they have total control of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies. Computers :: essays research papers COMPUTERS Could one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as: figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life. Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet; they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl; they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years have people noticed that a great deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers allow it’s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go to their online firm to download information on stocks. This way they have the knowledge to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as: Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded th at they feel more comfortable when they have total control of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies.

Essay --

Culture can be defined as â€Å"The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes members of one human group from another† (Hofstede, 1991) Culture brings significant differences in the way of working, communicating, addressing relationships and so, it can positively or negatively affect the work environment. The following theories are used to identify and describe the cultural profile of a country: 1. Low and high context cultures (Hall, 1977) According to the anthropologist Edward T.Hall (1977), there are two types of national culture: â€Å"low context† culture and â€Å"high context† culture. Each of them has a specific communication that will have an impact on the way people interact within an organization. Low-context culture: France Low-context culture refers to a direct style of communication based on explicit messages. As words carry most of the information, content and verbal explanations are really important. Indeed, the interpretation relies on what is said or written, regardless of the context. For example, in the French work environment, agreements are written and usually well detailed, work is expected before friendship and credibility is earned due to performance/ efficient management of time. The impact that this may have on an organization is the reinforcement of individualism, the increase of competition and pressure, the development of a feeling of loneliness which can sometimes lead to suicides. High-context culture: Colombia High-context culture refers to a more indirect style of communication. The message’s interpretation is characterized by contextual clues such as nature of relationship, time, and situation. The verbal part of a message contained less information than the written part but what is left uns... ...curity and minimise risks whereas a low uncertainty avoidance society hasn’t. Both France (86) and Colombia (80) have high uncertainty avoidance, in other words it means that they try to find mechanisms and rules to avoid ambiguity. In consequences, lack of expertise / planning or change in policies would lead to stressful situations. â€Æ' Short vs. long term orientation (LTO): The extent of which a culture focus on time. In a long term oriented society, firms and people give importance on planning on years and decades to achieve long term success and delayed gratification of their material, social and emotional needs whereas in a short term society they don’t. With a score of 39, France seems to have a short term orientation: quick results by quarter and hard work on a short term period have great importance. Colombian orientation is still undefined for the moment.

Earth :: Essays Papers

Earth I heard of this place not too long ago. I can’t quite remember what it was called. It is a place where it is forever dark and it is ruled by something or someone extraordinarily powerful. In this place, humans walk alongside with gargoyles, beasts and ogres where humans are the inferiors. There is no sun or stars or moon, nor is there day or night. There is no democracy. Humans are the slaves and are treated like animals, men and women alike. Humans aren’t allowed to speak out, Laugh or even smile or they will be severely punished. They live in a nightmare society. The land is engulfed in darkness. There is no electricity, no roads, no transportation, no houses, no communication, no nothing. There is fire. That is all they have to bring light to the place. The beasts live in giant homes or shelters made of anything they can find. The beasts are absolutely horrid creatures. They are nothing like you or I have ever seen before, not even in horror films. They are not like anything you could ever even imagine. Their faces are mangled and deformed. They are decrepit figures who do not walk but drag themselves from place to place. Humans do not roam freely. They are shackled together by long chains that go on forever. They are pets. They do not get shelter and they barely receive enough food or water to survive. They are given the rotten leftovers and bones to pick at. When I speak of bones, I am talking about human bones. Not the bones of pig or cow, they do not exist. The beasts find humans very useful indeed. They believe that humans are extremely simple-minded which, in result, makes them good slaves. They tend to the crops and pick the fruit, which is all done in a very specific manner. If it is not done correctly, those slaves will be thrown into the pit. Humans are used to pull wagons and sleds. They build all of the huts and shelters needed for the beasts. They cook and clean and are used as personal slaves as well, if you know what I mean. When the humans become too old to use for physical labor, they are either eaten by the beasts or thrown to the pit for the rest of their lives. The beasts are very intelligent creatures. They would never want to run out of humans, so they had cages made.

Relativism and Morality Essay

We are taught the difference between what is right and what is wrong at a young age by our parents or guardians. What is classified as right or wrong can differ between cultures, races, ethnic identities, and by social class. We all have a sense of what is morally right and the relativity of it. There are specific traits and beliefs that are distinctive to every culture, race, and social classes, due mostly impart to the differences we have in what we consider to be morally right. The idea of universal morals shows that through our cultural differences there is still a connection to the moral beliefs that we share, and shows that cultures are more alike than admit. There are some beliefs and customs that are considered morally justified in some cultures but in another, they are considered to be morally wrong. In his article Goodman gives solid examples of how something that is considered to be morally right in one cultural, would be wrong in another. Some of the topics that Goodman touches on are, genocide, hostage taking, slavery, polygamy, rape and female genital cutting (2010). Goodman argues that there are certain acts that are without a doubt considered to be wrong. While I do agree with his theory that acts such as incest, slavery, and rape (just to name a few) are wrong, there are factors that should be considered before an act is considered morally just or unjust. Relativism is one of the ways that certain acts can be viewed be other cultures without completely ruling the acts as right or wrong. Relativism is the idea that one’s beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society, culture, or even one’s own individual values (Mosser, 2010). Therefore, by relativism acts like polygamy, female castration, terrorism and infanticide are example of acts that are considered wrong for most Americans but in the cultures that practice these acts they see nothing wrong with them. Relativism and Morality â€Å"Many people find relativism extremely attractive. After all, determining what is right and wrong is frequently very difficult. It may also be difficult to defend—rather than just assert—that a given culture’s (usually one’s own) values are the correct ones, and that those values that are different are somehow wrong. Relativism also seems to decrease the kinds of conflicts that arise over such issues† (Mosser, 2010). Mosser puts into a clear prospective of how relativism and morality can work together to better understand a culture outside of our own. I do not think that there are universal moral requirements that every culture, race, and even social class can agree on. I believe that taking another human beings life is wrong, yet I still support our troops and all that they do to keep our country safe. Goodman states, all living beings make claims to life and murder is wrong because it destroys a life, yet warfare is not always wrong because it may be necessary to protect life. (2010). Relativism does provide a spectrum to view the world and cultural issues through, there are still problems that can arise. â€Å"Difficulties arise for relativism, when we consider the fact that few people come from a single, specifiable â€Å"culture. There may be general notions that guide one’s society, but one may also consider oneself part of many different groups, each of which can inform one’s moral values. Relativism seems fairly clear, until we start trying to decide what provides our moral sense. You have a given country, language, gender, religion or lack of religion, race, ethnicity, class, and so on, but does only one of these determine y our values† (Mosser, 2010)? Another issue that arises with relativism is that is an easy way out of dealing with ethical dilemmas and accepting practices that we feel are wrong. In addition, it may be difficult for a society to see and understand that it might be doing something that is immoral if questions of morality cannot be raised within one’s society. Relativism and Morality While the argument brought forth in Goodman’s article are all true and he makes very valid points, there are some beliefs and customs that are considered morally justified in some cultures but in another, they are considered to be morally wrong. Relativisms aims to show that no one specific culture is right or wrong for doing things the way that they do and that is the mode that I follow. From my own cultural stand point there are certain acts that I would be against if they we to be implemented on American society but I understand the culture who practice those acts and cannot fault those people that have been raise in that way of life. As for my personal opinion as to whether we will get to the point of universal moral requirements I do not think we will all be on one accord anytime soon, for the simple fact that each culture, race, social class, and ethnicity have their own way of dealing with specific moral issues.

Passenger List Titanic

First class |Name |Age |Hometown |Boarded |Destination |Lifeboat |Body | |Allen, Miss Elizabeth Walton |29 |St. Louis, Missouri, USA |Southampton |St. Louis, Missouri, USA|2 | | |and chauffeur, Mr.George |19 |Montreal, Quebec, Canada |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada| |294MB | |Swane[49] | | | | | | | |and cook, Miss Amelia Mary |18 |London, England |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada|11 | | |†Mildred† Brown[49] | | | | | | | |and maid, Miss Sarah Daniels |33 |Montreal, Quebec, Canada |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada|8 | | |Allison, Master Hudson Trevor |0. 11 |Montreal, Quebec, Canada |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada|11 | | | |! 11 | | | | | | | |mths | | | | | | |Appleton, Mrs.Charlotte Lane |53 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|2 | | |(nee Lamson) | |USA | |USA | | | |Astor, Colonel John Jacob IV |47 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,| |124MB | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Astor, Mrs. Madeleine Ta lmage |18 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|4 | | |(nee Force)[51][52] | |USA | |USA | | | |Baxter, Mrs.Helene (nee de |50 |Montreal, Quebec, Canada |Cherbourg |Montreal, Quebec, Canada|6 | | |Lanaudiere-Chaput) | | | | | | | |Beattie, Mr. Thomson |36 |Fergus, Ontario, Canada |Southampton |Fergus, Ontario, Canada |A[54] |331O | |Beckwith, Mr. Richard Leonard |37 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|5 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Bishop, Mr. Dickinson H. Dick†|25 |Dowagiac, Michigan, USA |Cherbourg |Dowagiac, Michigan, USA |7 |– | |Blank, Mr. Henry |39 |Glen Ridge, New Jersey, |Cherbourg |Glen Ridge, New Jersey, |7 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Bowerman, Miss Elsie Edith |22 |St. Leonards-on-Sea, East|Southampton |New York City, New York,|6 | | | | |Sussex, England | |USA | | | |Brandeis, Mr.Emil |48 |Omaha, Nebraska, USA |Cherbourg |Omaha, Nebraska, USA | |208MB | |Brereton, Mr. George Andrew |37 |Los Angeles, USA |Sou thampton |Los Angeles, California,|9 | | |(alias George A. Brayton) | | | |USA | | | |Brown, Mrs. Caroline Lane (nee |59 |Belmont, Massachusetts, |Southampton |Belmont, Massachusetts, |D | | |Lamson) | |USA | |USA | | | |Calderhead, Mr.Edward |42 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|5 | | |Pennington | |USA | |USA | | | |Carrau, Mr. Francisco M. |31 |Montevideo, Uruguay |Southampton |Montevideo, Uruguay | |– | |Carrau, Mr. Jose Pedro |17 |Montevideo, Uruguay |Southampton |Montevideo, Uruguay | |– | |Carter, Mr. William Ernest |36 |Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, |Southampton |Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania,|C | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |and chauffeur, Mr.Charles |30 |Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, |Southampton |Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania,| |– | |Augustus Aldworth[49] | |USA | |USA | | | |Carter, Mrs. Lucile (nee Polk) |36 |Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, |Southampton |Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania,|4 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Cassebeer, Mrs. Eleanor |36 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|5 | | |Genevieve (nee Fosdick) | |USA | |USA | | | |Cavendish, Mrs.Julia Florence |25 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,|6 | | |(nee Siegel) | | | |USA | | | |Chaffee, Mrs. Carrie Constance |47 |Amenia, North Dakota, USA|Southampton |Amenia, North Dakota, |4 | | |(nee Toogood) | | | |USA | | | |Clark, Mr. Walter Miller |27 |Los Angeles, California, |Cherbourg |Los Angeles, California,| |– | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Clark, Mrs.Virginia Estelle |26 |Los Angeles, California, |Cherbourg |Los Angeles, California,|4 | | |(nee McDowell) | |USA | |USA | | | |Colley, Mr. Edward Pomeroy |37 |Dublin, Ireland |Southampton |Vancouver, British | |– | | | | | |Columbia, Canada | | | |Compton, Mrs. Mary Eliza (nee |64 |Lakewood, New Jersey, USA|Cherbourg |Lakewood, New Jersey, |14 | | |Ingersoll) | | | |USA | | | |Cornell, Mrs.Malvina Helen |55 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|2 | | |(nee Lamson) | |USA | |USA | | | |Crosby, Captain Edward |70 |Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA|Southampton |Milwaukee, Wisconsin, | |269MB | | | | | |USA | | | |Crosby, Mrs. Catherine |64 |Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA|Southampton |Milwaukee, Wisconsin, |7 | | |Elizabeth (nee Halstead) | | | |USA | | | |Cumings, Mrs. Florence Briggs |35 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York, USA |4 | | |(nee Thayer) | |USA | | | | | |Davidson, Mrs.Orian (nee Hays)|27 |Montreal, Quebec, Canada |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada|3 | | |Douglas, Mrs. Mahala (nee |48 |Minneapolis, Minnesota, |Cherbourg |Minneapolis, Minnesota, |2 | | |Dutton) | |USA | |USA | | | |Edward, Mr. John Samuel |27 |Minsk, Belarus |Cherbourg |Philadelphia, |5 | | | | | | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Flegenheim, Mrs.Antoinette |48 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|7 | | |(nee Liche) | |USA | |USA | | | |Fortune, Mr. Mark |64 |Winnipeg, Manitoba, |Southampton |Winnipeg, Manitoba, | |– | | | |Canada | |Canada | | | |Fortune, Mrs. Mary (nee |60 |Winnipeg, Manitoba, |Southampton |Winnipeg, Manitoba, |10 | | |McDougald) |Canada | |Canada | | | |Franklin, Mr. Thomas Parnham |37 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | | | | | |USA | | | |Frauenthal, Dr. Henry William |49 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,|5 | | | | | | |USA | | | |Futrelle, Mrs.Lily May (nee |35 |Scituate, Massachusetts, |Southampton |Scituate, Massachusetts,|D | | |Peel) | |USA | |USA | | | |Gibson, Mrs. Pauline Caroline |44 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|7 | | |(nee Boeson) | |USA | |USA | | | |Gracie IV, Archibald |53 |Washington, D. C. , USA |Southampton |Washington, D. C. , USA |B | | |Graham, Mrs.Edith Ware (nee |59 |Greenwich, Connecticut, |Southampton |Greenwich, Connecticut, |3 | | |Junkins) | |USA | |USA | | | |and valet, Mr. Victor Giglio |24 |Paris, France |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,| |– | | | | | |USA | | | |and chauffeur, Mr. Rene |39 |Paris, France |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,| |– | |Pernot[49] | | | |USA | | | |Harder, Mr.George Achilles |25 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|5 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Harris, Mrs. Irene (nee |35 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|D | | |Wallach) | |USA | |USA | | | |and clerk, Mr. Vivian Ponsonby |22 |Montreal, Quebec, Canada |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada| |– | |Payne | | | | | | | |Hays, Mrs.Clara Jennings (nee |52 |Montreal, Quebec, Canada |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada|3 | | |Grigg) | | | | | | | |Hilliard, Mr. Herbert Henry |44 |Brighton, Massachusetts, |Southampton |Brighton, Massachusetts,| |– | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Hipkins, Mr. William Edward |55 |Birmingham, West |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | | | |Midlands, England | |USA | | | |Hippach, Mrs.Ida Sophia (nee |44 |Chicago, Illinois, USA |Cherbourg |Chicago, Illino is, USA |4 | | |Fischer) | | | | | | | |Holverson, Mrs. Mary Aline (nee|35 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|8 | | |Towner) | |USA | |USA | | | |Isham, Miss Ann Elizabeth |50 |Chicago, Illinois, USA |Cherbourg |Chicago, Illinois, USA | |– | |Ismay, Mr.Joseph Bruce |49 |Liverpool, Merseyside, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|C | | | | |England | |USA | | | |and secretary, Mr. William |45 |Wallasey, Merseyside, |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |110MB | |Henry Harrison | |England | |USA | | | |Jones, Mr. Charles Cresson |46 |Bennington, Vermont, USA |Southampton |Bennington, Vermont, USA| |80MB | |Julian, Mr. Henry Forbes |50 |Torquay, Devon, England |Southampton |San Francisco, USA | |– | |Kent, Mr.Edward Austin |58 |Buffalo, New York, USA |Cherbourg |Buffalo, New York, USA | |258MB | |Kenyon, Mr. Frederick R. |41 |Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,|Southampton |Pittsburgh, | |– | | | |USA | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Kenyon, Mrs. Marion (nee |31 |Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,|Southampton |Pittsburgh, |8 | | |Stauffer)[52][58] | |USA | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Lambert-Williams, Mr.Fletcher |– |London, England |Southampton |Newark, New Jersey, USA | |– | |Fellows | | | | | | | |Leader, Dr. Alice (nee Farnham)|49 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|8 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Lindeberg-Lind, Mr. Erik Gustav|42 |Jordanstorp, |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | |(alias Edward Lingrey) | |Sodermanland, Sweden | |USA | | | |Lindstrom, Mrs.Sigrid (nee |55 |Stockholm, Sweden |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|6 | | |Posse) | | | |USA | | | |Longley, Miss Gretchen Fiske |21 |Hudson, New York, USA |Cherbourg |Hudson, New York, USA |10 | | |Madill, Miss Georgette |16 |St. Louis, Missouri, USA |Southampton |St. Louis, Missouri, USA|2 | | |Alexandra | | | | | | | |Marechal, Mr. Pierre, Sr. |28 |Paris, France |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|7 | | | | | | |USA | | | |Marvin, Mrs.Mary Graham |18 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|10 | | |Carmichael (nee | |USA | |USA | | | |Farquarson)[52][60] | | | | | | | |McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J. |54 |Dorchester, |Southampton |Dorchester, | |175MB | | | |Massachusetts, USA | |Massachusetts, USA | | | |McGough, Mr.James Robert |35 |Philadelphia, |Southampton |Philadelphia, |7 | | | | |Pennsylvania, USA | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Meyer, Mrs. Leila (nee Saks) |25 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|6 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Minahan, Dr. William Edward |44 |Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, |Southampton |Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, | |230MB | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Minahan, Mrs. Lillian E. nee |37 |Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, |Southampton |Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, |14 | | |Thorpe) | |USA | |USA | | | |Moore, Mr. Clarence Bloomfield |47 |Washington, D. C. , USA |Southampton |Washington, D. C. , USA | |– | |and valet, Mr. Charles Henry |37 |Washington, D. C. , USA |Southampton |Washington, D. C. , USA | |– | |Harrington | | | | | | | |Natsch, Mr. Charles |36 |Brooklyn, New York, USA |Cherbourg |Brooklyn, New York, USA | |– | |Newell, Mr. ArthurWebster |58 |Lexington, Massachusetts,|Cherbourg |Lexington, | |122MB | | | |USA | |Massachusetts, USA | | | |Newell, Miss Madeleine |31 |Lexington, Massachusetts,|Cherbourg |Lexington, |6 | | | | |USA | |Massachusetts, USA | | | |Nourney, Mr. Alfred |20 |Cologne, Germany |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|7 | | | | | | |USA | | | |Ostby, Miss Helene Ragnhild |22 |Providence, Rhode Island,|Southampton |Providence, Rhode |5 | | | | |USA | |Island, USA | | | |Parr, Mr.William Henry |29 |Belfast, Ireland |Belfast |New York City, New York,| |– | |Marsh[50] | | | |USA | | | |Partner, Mr. Austin |40 |Tolworth, London, England|Southampton |Toronto, Ontario, Canada| |166MB | |Pears, Mr. Thomas Clinton |29 |Isleworth, London, |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | | | |En gland | |USA | | | |Pears, Mrs.Edith (nee Wearne) |22 |Isleworth, London, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|8 | | | | |England | |USA | | | |Penasco y Castellana, Mrs. |22 |Madrid, Spain |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|8 | | |Maria Josefa (nee Perez de Soto| | | |USA | | | |y Vallejo) | | | | | | | |Potter, Mrs. Lily Alexenia (nee|56 |Philadelphia, Cherbourg |Philadelphia, |7 | | |Wilson) | |Pennsylvania, USA | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Rheims, Mr. George Alexander |36 |Paris, France |Southampton |New York City, New York,|A | | |Lucien | | | |USA | | | |Romaine, Mr. Charles Hallance |45 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|9 | | |(alias C.Rolmane) | |USA | |USA | | | |Rosenbaum, Miss Edith Louise |34 |Paris, France |Cherbourg |Cincinnati, Ohio, USA |11 | | |Ross, Mr. John Hugo |36 |Winnipeg, Manitoba, |Southampton |Winnipeg, Manitoba, | |– | | | |Canada | |Canada | | | |Rothschild, Mr. Martin |46 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,| |– | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Rothschild, Mrs.Elizabeth Jane|54 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|6 | | |Anne (nee Barrett) | |USA | |USA | | | |Ryerson, Mr. Arthur Larned |61 |Cooperstown, New York, |Cherbourg |Cooperstown, New York, | |– | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Ryerson, Mrs. Emily Maria (nee |48 |Cooperstown, New York, |Cherbourg |Cooperstown, New York, |4 | | |Borie) | |USA | |USA | | | |Silvey, Mrs.Alice (nee Munger)|39 |Duluth, Minnesota, USA |Cherbourg |Duluth, Minnesota, USA |11 | | |Smith, Mr. James Clinch |56 |Paris, France |Cherbourg |Long Island, New York, | |– | | | | | |USA | | | |Smith, Mr. Lucien Philip |24 |Huntington, West |Cherbourg |Huntington, West | |– | | | |Virginia, USA | |Virginia, USA | | | |Smith, Mrs.Mary Eloise (nee |18 |Huntington, West |Cherbourg |Huntington, West |6 | | |Hughes)[52][61] | |Virginia, USA | |Virginia, USA | | | |Snyder, Mr. John Pillsbury |24 |Minneapolis, Min nesota, |Southampton |Minneapolis, Minnesota, |7 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Spencer, Mrs. Marie Eugenie |45 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|6 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Stengel, Mr.Charles Emil Henry|54 |Newark, New Jersey, USA |Cherbourg |Newark, New Jersey, USA |1 | | |Stone, Mrs. Martha Evelyn (nee |62 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|6 | | |Stevens) | |USA | |USA | | | |and valet, Mr. John Farthing |57 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Straus, Mrs.Rosalie Ida (nee |63 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | |Blun) | |USA | |USA | | | |and maid, Miss Ellen Bird |31 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|8 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Swift, Mrs. Margaret Welles |46 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|8 | | |(nee Barron) | |USA | |USA | | | |Taussig, Mrs.Tillie (n ee |39 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|8 | | |Mandelbaum) | |USA | |USA | | | |Thayer, Mrs. Marian Longsteth |39 |Haverford, Pennsylvania, |Cherbourg |Haverford, Pennsylvania,|4 | | |(nee Morris) | |USA | |USA | | | |Van der Hoef, Mr. Wyckoff |61 |Brooklyn, New York, USA |Belfast |Brooklyn, New York, USA | |245MB | |Walker, Mr.William Anderson |48 |East Orange, New Jersey, |Southampton |East Orange, New Jersey,| |– | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Warren, Mr. Frank Manley |63 |Portland, Oregon, USA |Cherbourg |Portland, Oregon, USA | |– | |Warren, Mrs. Anna Sophia (nee |60 |Portland, Oregon, USA |Cherbourg |Portland, Oregon, USA |5 | | |Atkinson) | | | | | | | |White, Mr. Percival Wayland |54 |Brunswick, Maine, USA |Southampton |Brunswick, Maine, USA | |– | |White, Mr.Richard Frasar |21 |Brunswick, Maine, USA |Southampton |Brunswick, Maine, USA | |169MB | |White, Mrs. Ella (nee Holmes) |55 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York C ity, New York,|8 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Wick, Colonel George Dennick |58 |Youngstown, Ohio, USA |Southampton |Youngstown, Ohio, USA | |– | |Wick, Mrs. Mary (nee Hitchcock)|45 |Youngstown, Ohio, USA |Southampton |Youngstown, Ohio, USA |8 | | |and valet, Mr.Edwin Herbert |33 |Philadelphia, |Southampton |Philadelphia, | |45MB | |Keeping | |Pennsylvania, USA | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Widener, Mrs. Eleanor (nee |50 |Philadelphia, |Southampton |Philadelphia, |4 | | |Elkins) | |Pennsylvania, USA | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Willard, Miss Constance |21 |Duluth, Minnesota, USA |Southampton |Duluth, Minnesota, USA |8 | | |Williams, Mr.Richard Norris II|21 |Geneva, Switzerland |Cherbourg |Radnor, Pennsylvania, |A | | | | | | |USA | | | |Young, Miss Marie Grice |36 |New York City, New York, |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|8 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Abelson, Mr Samuel |30 |Paris, France |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,| |– | | | | | |USA | | | |Abelson, Mrs Hannah | 28 |Paris, France |Cherbourg |New York City, New York,|10 | | | | | | |USA | | | |Andrew, Mr. Frank Thomas |30 |Redruth, Cornwall, England|Southampton |Houghton, Michigan, USA | |– | |Angle, Mr. William A. 32 |Warwick, Warwickshire, |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | | | |England | |USA | | | |Angle, Mrs. Florence Agnes |36 |Warwick, Warwickshire, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|11 | | |†Mary† (nee Hughes) | |England | |USA | | | |Bailey, Mr. Percy Andrew |18 |Penzance, Cornwall, |Southampton |Akron, Ohio, USA | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Bainbrigge, Mr.Charles |23 |Saint Peter Port, |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | |Robert | |Guernsey, Channel Islands | |USA | | | |Ball, Mrs. Ada E. (nee Hall) |36 |Bristol, Avon, England |Southampton |Jacksonville, Florida, |10 | | | | | | |USA | | | |Bateman, Father Robert James |51 |Jacksonville, Florida, USA|Southampton |Jacksonville, Florida, | |174MB | | | | | |USA | | | |B eane, Mr.Edward |32 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|13 | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Becker, Mrs. Nellie E. (nee |35 |Guntur, India |Southampton |Benton Harbor, Michigan,|11 | | |Baumgardner) | | | |USA | | | |Botsford, Mr. William Hull |25 |Orange, New Jersey, USA |Southampton |Orange, New Jersey, USA | |– | |Bowenur, Mr.Solomon |42 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | | | | | |USA | | | |Bracken, Mr. James H. |29 |Lake Arthur, New Mexico, |Southampton |Lake Arthur, New Mexico,| |– | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Brailey, Mr. W. Theodore |24 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | |Ronald[50] | | | |USA | | | |Bricoux, Mr. Roger Marie[50] |20 |Monte Carlo, Monaco Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | | | | | |USA | | | |Brito, Mr. Jose Joaquim |32 |Madeira, Portugal |Southampton |Sao Paulo, Brazil | |– | |Brown, Mr. Thomas William |60 |Cape Town, South Africa |South ampton |Seattle, Washington, USA| |– | |Solomon | | | | | | | |Brown, Mrs.Elizabeth |40 |Cape Town, South Africa |Southampton |Seattle, Washington, USA|14 | | |Catherine (nee Ford) | | | | | | | |Bryhl, Miss Dagmar Jenny |20 |Skara, Vastergotland, |Southampton |Rockford, Illinois, USA |12 | | |Ingeborg | |Sweden | | | | | |Byles, Father Thomas Roussel |42 |London, England |Southampton |Jacksonville, Florida, | |– | |Davids | | | |USA | | | |Bystrom, Miss Karolina |42 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|? | | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Carbines, Mr. William |19 |St.Ives, Cornwall, |Southampton |Houghton, Michigan, USA | |18MB | | | |England | | | | | |Carter, Father Ernest |54 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | |Courtenay | | | |USA | | | |Carter, Mrs. Lilian (nee |45 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | |Hughes) | | | |USA | | | |Chapman, Mr.Charles Henry |52 |Bronx, New York, US A |Southampton |Bronx, New York, USA | |130MB | |Chapman, Mr. John Henry |36 |Liskeard, Cornwall, |Southampton |Spokane, Washington, USA| |17MB | | | |England | | | | | |Chapman, Mrs. Sara Elizabeth |28 |Liskeard, Cornwall, |Southampton |Spokane, Washington, USA| |– | |(nee Lawry) | |England | | | | | |Christy, Mrs.Alice Frances |45 |London, England |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada|12 | | |Clarke, Mrs. Ada Maria |28 |Netley Abbey, Hampshire, |Southampton |San Francisco, |14 | | | | |England | |California, USA | | | |Coleridge, Mr. Reginald |29 |London, England |Southampton |Detroit, Michigan, USA | |– | |Charles | | | | | | | |Collander, Mr.Erik Gustaf |27 |Helsinki, Finland |Southampton |Ashtabula, Ohio, USA | |– | |Collett, Mr. Sidney Clarence |25 |London, England |Southampton |Port Byron, New York, |9 | | |Stuart | | | |USA | | | |Collyer, Mrs. Charlotte Annie|31 |Bishopstoke, Hampshire, |Southampton |Payette, Idaho, USA |14 | | |(nee Tate) | |England | | | | | |Corey, Mrs.Mary Phyllis |30 |Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, |Southampton |Pittsburgh, | |– | |Elizabeth (nee Miller) | |USA | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Cotterill, Mr. Henry â€Å"Harry† |20 |Penzance, Cornwall, |Southampton |Akron, Ohio, USA | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Cunningham, Mr. Alfred |21 |Belfast, Ireland |Belfast |New York City, New York,| |– | |Fleming[50] | | | |USA | | | |Davies, Mr.Charles Henry |21 |Lyndhurst, Hampshire, |Southampton |Eden, Manitoba, Canada | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Davies, Mrs. Elizabeth Agnes |48 |St. Ives, Cornwall, |Southampton |Houghton, Michigan, USA |14 | | |Mary (nee White) | |England | | | | | |del Carlo, Mr. Sebastiano |29 |Montecarlo, Italy |Cherbourg |California, USA | |295MB | |del Carlo, Mrs.Argene (nee |24 |Montecarlo, Italy |Cherbourg |California, USA |11 | | |Genovesi)[52][62] | | | | | | | |Dibden, Mr. William |18 |Lyndhurst, Hampshire, |Southampton |Eden, Manitoba, Canada | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Doling, Mrs. Ada Julia (nee |34 |Southampton, Hampshire, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|? | | |Bone) | |England | |USA | | | |Drew, Mr.James Vivian |42 |Greenport, New York, USA |Southampton |Greenport, New York, USA| |– | |Drew, Mrs. Lulu Thorne (nee |34 |Greenport, New York, USA |Southampton |Greenport, New York, USA|10 | | |Christian) | | | | | | | |Enander, Mr. Ingvar |21 |GoteborgGoteborg, |Southampton |Rockford, Illinois, USA | |– | | | |Vastergotland, Sweden | | | | | |Fahlstrom, Mr.Arne Joma |18 |Oslo, Norway |Southampton |Bayonne, New Jersey, USA| |– | |Faunthorpe, Mr. Harry Bartram|40 |Liverpool, Merseyside, |Southampton |Philadelphia, | |286MB | | | |England | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Fillbrook, Mr. Joseph Charles|18 |Truro, Cornwall, England |Southampton |Houghton, Michigan, USA | |– | |Fox, Mr. Stanley Hubert |38 |Rochester, New York, USA |Southampton |Rochester, New York, USA| |236MB | |Frost, Mr.Anthony Wood |37 |Belfast, Ireland |Belfast |New York City, New York,| |– | |†Archie†[50] | | | |USA | | | |Funk, Miss Annie Clemmer |38 |Janjgir-Champa, India |Southampton |Bally, Pennsylvania, USA| |– | |Fynney, Mr. Joseph J. |35 |Liverpool, Merseyside, |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada| |322M | | | |England | | | | | |Gale, Mr. Harry |38 |Harrowbarrow, Cornwall, |Southampton |Clear Creek, Colorado, | |– | | | |England | |USA | | | |Gale, Mr.Shadrach |33 |Harrowbarrow, Cornwall, |Southampton |Clear Creek, Colorado, | |– | | | |England | |USA | | | |Garside, Miss Ethel |34 |Liverpool, Merseyside, |Southampton |Brooklyn, New York, USA |12 | | | | |England | | | | | |Gavey, Mr. Laurence |26 |Guernsey, Channel Islands |Southampton |Elizabeth, New Jersey, | |– | | | | | |USA | | | |Gilbert, Mr.William |47 |Carleens, Cornwall, |Southampton |Butte, Montana, USA | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Giles, Mr. Edgar |21 |Porthleven, Cornwall, |South ampton |Camden, New Jersey, USA | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Giles, Mr. Frederick Edward |20 |Porthleven, Cornwall, |Southampton |Camden, New Jersey, USA | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Giles, Mr.Ralph |25 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |297MB | | | | | |USA | | | |Gill, Mr. John William |24 |Clevedon, North Somerset |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |155MB | | | |England | |USA | | | |Gillespie, Mr. William Henry |34 |Abbeyleix, Laois, Ireland |Southampton |Vancouver, British | |– | | | | | |Columbia, Canada | | | |Givard, Mr.Hans Kristensen |30 |Kolsen, Vorde Sogn, |Southampton |San Francisco, | |305MB | | | |Denmark | |California, USA | | | |Greenberg, Mr. Samuel |52 |Bronx, New York, USA |Southampton |Bronx, New York, USA | |19MB | |Hale, Mr. Reginald |30 |Auburn, New York, USA |Southampton |Auburn, New York, USA | |75MB | |HamalainenHamalainen, Mrs. |24 |Detroit, Michigan, USA |Southampton |Detroit, Michigan, USA |4 | | |Ann a (Anna Hamlin) | | | | | | |Harper, The Reverend John |39 |London, England |Southampton |Chicago, Illinois, USA | |– | |Harper, Miss Annie Jessie |6 |London, England |Southampton |Chicago, Illinois, USA |11 | | |†Nina† | | | | | | | |Hart, Mr. Benjamin |47 |Ilford, Essex, England |Southampton |Winnipeg, Manitoba, | |– | | | | | |Canada | | | |Hart, Mrs. Esther Ada (nee |48 |Ilford, Essex, England |Southampton |Winnipeg, Manitoba, |14 | | |Bloomfield) | | | |Canada | | | |Herman, Mr.Samuel |49 |Yeovil, Somerset, England |Southampton |Bernardsville, New | |– | | | | | |Jersey, USA | | | |Herman, Mrs. Jane (nee Laver)|48 |Yeovil, Somerset, England |Southampton |Bernardsville, New |9 | | | | | | |Jersey, USA | | | |Hickman, Mr. Leonard Mark |24 |Fritham, Hampshire, |Southampton |Eden, Manitoba, Canada | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Hickman, Mr.Stanley George |20 |Fritham, Hampshire, |Southampton |The Pas, Manitoba, | |– | | | |England | |C anada | | | |Hiltunen, Miss Marta |18 |Joensuu, Finland |Southampton |Detroit, Michigan, USA | |– | |Hocking, Mrs. Elizabeth |54 |Penzance, Cornwall, |Southampton |Akron, Ohio, USA |4 | | |†Eliza† (nee Neads) | |England | | | | | |Hocking, Miss Ellen â€Å"Nellie† |20 |Penzance, Cornwall, |Southampton |Akron, Ohio, USA |4 | | | | |England | | | | | |Hodges, Mr.Henry Price |50 |Southampton, Hampshire, |Southampton |Boston, Massachusetts, | |149MB | | | |England | |USA | | | |Hold, Mr. Stephen |44 |Porthoustock, Cornwall, |Southampton |Sacramento, California, | |– | | | |England | |USA | | | |Hold, Mrs. Annie Margaret |29 |Porthoustock, Cornwall, |Southampton |Sacramento, California, |10 | | |(nee Hill) | |England | |USA | | | |Hosono, Mr.Masabumi |41 |Tokyo, Japan |Southampton |Tokyo, Japan |10 | | |Howard, Mrs. Ellen Truelove |60 |Swindon, Wiltshire, |Southampton |Idaho, USA | |– | |(nee Arman) | |England | | | | | |Hume, Mr. John Law â€Å"J ock†[50]|21 |Dumfries, Scotland |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |193MB | | | | | |USA | | | |Hunt, Mr.George Henry |33 |Philadelphia, |Southampton |Philadelphia, | |– | | | |Pennsylvania, USA | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Ilett, Miss Bertha |17 |Jersey, Channel Islands |Southampton |Atlanta, Georgia, USA |? | | |Jacobsohn, Mrs. Amy Frances |24 |London, England |Southampton |Montreal, Quebec, Canada|12 | | |Christy (nee Cohen) | | | | | | | |Jefferys, Mr. Clifford Thomas|24 |Guernsey, Channel Islands |Southampton |Elizabeth, New Jersey, | |– | | | | | |USA | | | |Jefferys, Mr.Ernest Wilifred|22 |Guernsey, Channel Islands |Southampton |Elizabeth, New Jersey, | |– | | | | | |USA | | | |Jenkin, Mr. Stephen Curnow |32 |St. Ives, Cornwall, |Southampton |Houghton, Michigan, USA | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Jerwan, Mrs. Marie Marthe |23 |New York City, New York, |Southampton |New York City, New York,|11 | | |(nee Thuillard) | |USA | |USA | | | |Kant or, Mrs.Miriam (nee |24 |Vitebsk, Russia |Southampton |Bronx, New York, USA |12 | | |Sternin) | | | | | | | |Keane, Mr. Daniel |35 |Limerick, Ireland |Queenstown |St. Louis, Missouri, USA| |– | |Keane, Miss Nora Agnes |46 |Castleconnell, Limerick, |Queenstown |Harrisburg, |10 | | | | |Ireland | |Pennsylvania, USA | | | |Knight, Mr. Robert J. 50] |39 |Belfast, Ireland |Belfast |New York City, New York,| |– | | | | | |USA | | | |Krins, Mr. Georges |23 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | |Alexandre[50] | | | |USA | | | |Kvillner, Mr. Johan Henrik |31 |Trollhattan, |Southampton |Arlington, Virginia, USA| |165MB |Johannesson | |Vastergotland, Sweden | | | | | |Lahtinen, Reverend William |35 |Minneapolis, Minnesota, |Southampton |Minneapolis, Minnesota, | |– | | | |USA | |USA | | | |Lahtinen, Mrs. Anna Amelia |26 |Minneapolis, Minnesota, |Southampton |Minneapolis, Minnesota, | |– | |(nee Sylfven) | |USA | |USA | | | |Lamb, Mr. J ohn Joseph |30 |Glencree, Ireland |Queenstown |Providence, Rhode | |– | | | | | |Island, USA | | | |Laroche, Mr.Joseph Philippe |25 |Paris, France |Cherbourg |Cap-Haitien, Haiti |– |– | |Lemercier | | | | | | | |Laroche, Mrs. Juliette Marie |22 |Paris, France |Cherbourg |Cap-Haitien, Haiti |14 | | |Louise (nee Lafargue)[52][63]| | | | | | | |Leyson, Mr. Robert William |25 |London, England |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |108MB | |Norman | | | |USA | | | |Linnane, Mr.John |61 |Chelsea, Michigan, USA |Southampton |Chelsea, Michigan, USA | |– | |Louch, Mr. Charles Alexander |50 |Weston-super-Mare, North |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |121MB | | | |Somerset, England | |USA | | | |Louch, Mrs. Alice Adelaide |42 |Weston-super-Mare, North |Southampton |New York City, New York,|14 | | |(nee Slow) | |Somerset, England | |USA | | | |Mallet, Mr. Albert 31 |Montreal, Quebec, Canada |Cherbourg |Montreal, Quebec, Canada| |– | |Mallet, Mrs. Antoi nette Marie|24 |Montreal, Quebec, Canada |Cherbourg |Montreal, Quebec, Canada|10 | | |(nee Magnin) | | | | | | | |Matthews, Mr. William John |30 |St Austell, Cornwall, |Southampton |La Salle, Illinois, USA | |– | | | |England | | | | | |Maybery, Mr.Frank Hubert |36 |Weston-super-Mare, North |Southampton |Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan,| |– | | | |Somerset, England | |Canada | | | |McCrae, Mr. Arthur Gordon |32 |Sydney, New South Wales, |Southampton |Canada | |209MB | | | |Australia | | | | | |McCrie, Mr. James Matthew |32 |Sarnia, Ontario, Canada |Southampton |Sarnia, Ontario, Canada | |– | |McKane, Mr. Peter David |46 |Guernsey, Channel Islands |Southampton |Rochester, New York, USA| |– | |Mellinger, Mrs.Elizabeth |41 |Wimbledon, London, England|Southampton |Bennington, Vermont, USA|14 | | |Anne (nee Maidment) | | | | | | | |Milling, Mr. Jacob Christian |48 |Odense, Denmark |Southampton |Oregon, Wisconsin, USA | |271MB | |Mitchell, Mr. Henry Michael |71 |Guerns ey, Channel Islands |Southampton |Toledo, Ohio, USA | |– | |Montvila, Father Juozas |27 |London, England |Southampton |Worcester, | |– | | | | | |Massachusetts, USA | | | |Moraweck, Dr.Ernest |54 |Frankfort, Kentucky, USA |Southampton |Frankfort, Kentucky, USA| |– | |Morley, Mr. Henry Samuel |38 |Birmingham, Worcester, |Southampton |Los Angeles, USA | |– | |(alias Mr. Henry Marshall) | |England | | | | | |Mudd, Mr. Thomas Charles |16 |Huntingfield, Suffolk, |Southampton |New York City, New York,| |– | | | |England | |USA | | | |Myles, Mr.